{"id":58546,"date":"2024-09-11T14:34:50","date_gmt":"2024-09-11T14:34:50","guid":{"rendered":"\/addwv9h\/learning-styles\/"},"modified":"2026-01-13T14:32:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T14:32:07","slug":"learning-styles","status":"publish","type":"product-content","link":"https:\/\/www.mindtools.com\/addwv9h\/learning-styles\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning Styles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It&#8217;s tempting to try to pin down one &#8220;perfect&#8221; way of learning. But it can also be dangerous.<\/p><p>Everyone&#8217;s approach to learning is based on a complex mix of strengths and preferences. And we absorb and apply new concepts, skills and information in different ways at different times.<\/p><p>So, however helpful it would be to find out how each of us does it &#8220;best,&#8221; there are many reasons why even asking the question is far from straightforward.<\/p><p>After all, <strong>how<\/strong> we learn depends a great deal on <strong>what<\/strong> we&#8217;re learning. And our preferred learning techniques might not, in fact, be the most useful. Despite this, many scientists, psychologists and education experts have tried to identify distinct, innate &#8220;learning styles.&#8221;<\/p><p>But serious doubts have arisen about some of the most popular models \u2013 especially the ways in which they have been applied. There are even concerns that the &#8220;labels&#8221; they produce might actually <strong>limit<\/strong> people&#8217;s learning.<\/p><p>In this article, we look at how the key learning styles theories were developed, and explore their intentions and limitations. We also show why it&#8217;s still valuable to understand your personal approach to learning \u2013 even if there&#8217;s no single, &#8220;magic bullet&#8221; solution for any of us.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Are Learning Styles?<\/h2>\n\n<p>The notion that everyone has their own learning style became popular in the 1970s. It&#8217;s an attractive thought: if each of us could identify one, &#8220;ideal&#8221; approach to learning, we&#8217;d be able to focus on it \u2013 and be consistently successful.<\/p><p>What&#8217;s more, by understanding other people&#8217;s needs, we&#8217;d know how best to support them to learn. It could revolutionize education, training and L&amp;D, and help all of us to reach our full potential as learners.<\/p><p>Before we explain why many experts now have little faith in learning styles, let&#8217;s explore how some of the original ideas came about.<\/p><div class=\"ew-video\" data-videosource=\"embed\"><div class=\"ew-video-embed\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"auto\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jwplayer.com\/players\/XA3jYSco-5WSyalpf.html\" title=\"JW video player\" width=\"640\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><p>Learn more about the theories behind learning styles \u2013 and their drawbacks and limitations.<\/p><p><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Different Learning Styles: 6 Influential Models and Theories<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. David Kolb and Experiential Learning<\/h3>\n\n<p><a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Experiential-Learning\" href=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Experiential-Learning\" target=\"_blank\">David Kolb&amp;#x27;s model<\/a> of &#8220;experiential learning&#8221; stated that we learn continually, and, in the process, build particular strengths. Those strengths were said to give rise to personal preferences, which Kolb described in terms of four learning styles: <strong>Accommodating<\/strong>, <strong>Converging<\/strong>, <strong>Diverging<\/strong>, and <strong>Assimilating<\/strong>.<\/p><p>As Kolb saw it, <strong>Accommodators<\/strong> were &#8220;hands-on&#8221; types, keen to learn from real experience.<\/p><p><strong>Convergers<\/strong> were supposed to deal better with abstract ideas, but still liked to end up with concrete results. They understood theories, but wanted to test them out in practice.<\/p><p><strong>Divergers<\/strong> tended to use personal experiences and practical ideas to formulate theories that they could apply more widely.<\/p><p>And <strong>Assimilators<\/strong>, according to Kolb, were most comfortable working with abstract concepts. They extended their understanding by developing new theories of their own.<\/p><p>Kolb said that it was beneficial to know which type of learner you were, in order to &#8220;play to your strengths.&#8221; He also believed that educators and trainers could tailor their teaching methods to different people&#8217;s learning styles.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Honey and Mumford&#8217;s Learning Styles<\/h3>\n\n<p>Peter Honey and Alan Mumford developed Kolb&#8217;s model by focusing on how learning is used in practice, particularly at work. They identified four new learning styles: <strong>Activist<\/strong>, <strong>Pragmatist<\/strong>, <strong>Reflector<\/strong>, and <strong>Theorist<\/strong> \u2013 using terms that we might naturally pick to describe ourselves and our colleagues.<\/p><div class=\"ew-note\" data-type=\"neutral\"><div class=\"ew-note-body\">\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Note:<\/h4>\n\n<p>To find out more about Kolb&#8217;s model, and about Honey and Mumford&#8217;s Learning Styles, see our article on the <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"\/ay3t26o\/4mat\" href=\"\/ay3t26o\/4mat\" target=\"_blank\">4MAT<\/a> approach to learning.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Anthony Gregorc&#8217;s Mind Styles<\/h3>\n\n<p><a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.anthonyfgregorc.com\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.anthonyfgregorc.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Anthony Gregorc<\/a> and <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Its-Your-Mind-Kathleen-Butler\/dp\/0945852010\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Its-Your-Mind-Kathleen-Butler\/dp\/0945852010\" target=\"_blank\">Kathleen Butler<\/a> went into more detail about how we think, and how this might affect the way we learn.<\/p><p>This theory put us all on a spectrum between <strong>concrete<\/strong> and <strong>abstract<\/strong> thinking, and between <strong>sequential<\/strong> and <strong>random<\/strong> ordering of our thoughts.<\/p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Concrete<\/strong> perceptions happen through the senses, while <strong>abstract<\/strong> perceptions deal with ideas.<\/li><li><strong>Sequential<\/strong> thinking arranges information in a logical, linear way, while a <strong>random<\/strong> approach is multidirectional and unpredictable.<\/li><\/ul><p>In Gregorc&#8217;s model, our strengths and weaknesses in each of these areas determined our individual learning style.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. 4 Learning Styles (VARK)<\/h3>\n\n<p>Educational psychologist Walter Burke Barbe and his colleagues proposed three &#8220;modalities&#8221; of learning: <strong>Visual<\/strong>, <strong>Auditory<\/strong>, and <strong>Kinesthetic<\/strong> (movement and touch). These were often referred to simply as VAK.<\/p><p>A variation on the acronym, developed by New Zealand-based teacher Neil D. Fleming, is <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/vark-learn.com\/\" href=\"http:\/\/vark-learn.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">VARK\u00ae<\/a>, or visual, auditory, reading\/writing, and kinesthetic. You can find out more about both VAK and VARK in our article, <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/admin.mindtools.com\/ak6cyjn\/vak-learning-styles\" href=\"https:\/\/admin.mindtools.com\/ak6cyjn\/vak-learning-styles\" target=\"_blank\">VAK Learning Styles<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Visual Learning Style<\/h4>\n\n<p>A visually-dominant learner absorbs and retains information better when it is presented in, for example, pictures, diagrams and charts.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Auditory Learning Style<\/h4>\n\n<p>An auditory-dominant learner prefers listening to what is being presented. They respond best to voices, for example, in a lecture or group discussion. Hearing their own voice repeating something back to a tutor or trainer is also helpful.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reading\/Writing Learning Style<\/h4>\n\n<p>People with a dominant reading-and-writing learning style take in new information best when they read it as words and text. They&#8217;re often good at summarizing information in written notes.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kinesthetic Learning Style<\/h4>\n\n<p>A kinesthetic-dominant learner prefers a physical experience. They like a &#8220;hands-on&#8221; approach and respond well to being able to touch or feel an object or learning prop.<\/p><p>Barbe was clear that everyone had strengths, weaknesses and preferences in each of the VAK modalities. The most effective learning, he said, utilized all three in combination. He said that the mix we achieved depended on many factors, and would likely change over time.<\/p><p>The VAK model was popular and widely applied. But, like some of the earlier models, it became associated with a fixed outlook on learning. Many people took it to mean that learners could be classified by a single modality \u2013 as a &#8220;visual learner,&#8221; for example \u2013 with little room for maneuver. And there was confusion over whether the VAK definition referred to someone&#8217;s innate abilities, their personal preferences, or both.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. The Learning Styles Task Force<\/h3>\n\n<p>In the 1980s, American educationalists were still trying to find out as much as they could about learning styles, to help classroom teachers to achieve the best possible results.<\/p><p>The National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) formed a <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00405848509543162\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00405848509543162\" target=\"_blank\">research &amp;quot;task force,&amp;quot;<\/a> and proposed additional factors that might affect someone&#8217;s ability to learn. These included the way study was organized, levels of motivation, and even the time of day when learning took place.<\/p><p>They divided learning styles into three categories: <strong>Cognitive<\/strong>, <strong>Affective<\/strong> and <strong>Physiological<\/strong>.<\/p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Cognitive:<\/strong> how we think, how we organize and retain information, and how we learn from our experiences.<\/li><li><strong>Affective: <\/strong>our attitudes and motivations, and how they impact our approach to learning.<\/li><li><strong>Physiological: <\/strong>a variety of factors based on our health, well-being, and the environment in which we learn.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. The Index of Learning Styles\u2122<\/h3>\n\n<p>Various related questionnaires and tests quickly came into use, aimed at helping people to identify their personal learning style. One of the most popular was based on <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.webtools.ncsu.edu\/learningstyles\" href=\"https:\/\/www.webtools.ncsu.edu\/learningstyles\" target=\"_blank\">The Index of Learning Styles\u2122<\/a>, developed by Dr Richard Felder and Barbara Soloman in the late 1980s.<\/p><p>The questionnaire considered four dimensions: <strong>Sensory\/Intuitive<\/strong>, <strong>Visual\/Verbal<\/strong>, <strong>Active\/Reflective<\/strong>, and <strong>Sequential\/Global<\/strong>. The theory was that we&#8217;re all somewhere on a &#8220;continuum&#8221; for each of them. Neither extreme was said to be &#8220;good&#8221; or &#8220;bad.&#8221; Instead, we&#8217;d do best by drawing on both ends of the spectrum.<\/p><p>Questionnaires like this promised to define anyone&#8217;s learning style, so that they could address any &#8220;imbalances,&#8221; and learn in the ways that would benefit them most.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Criticisms of Learning Styles<\/h2>\n\n<p>These and other theories about learning styles have become extremely popular and widespread. However, a growing body of research has challenged many of their claims.<\/p><p>Let&#8217;s look at the four key criticisms that have been leveled against them:<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The Science Isn&#8217;t Strong Enough<\/h3>\n\n<p>We may express our preferences about how we learn, but they&#8217;re not necessarily an accurate reflection of how our brains work. According to neuroscientist <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/uknews\/1558822\/Professor-pans-learning-style-teaching-method.html\" href=\"https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/uknews\/1558822\/Professor-pans-learning-style-teaching-method.html\" target=\"_blank\">Susan Greenfield<\/a>, the idea that we can be defined as purely visual, auditory or kinesthetic learners is &#8220;nonsense.&#8221; That&#8217;s because, she says, &#8220;humans have evolved to build a picture of the world through our senses working in unison, exploiting the immense interconnectivity that exists in the brain.&#8221;<\/p><p>A study by <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/people.cs.vt.edu\/~shaffer\/cs6604\/Papers\/Validity_2006.pdf\" href=\"https:\/\/people.cs.vt.edu\/~shaffer\/cs6604\/Papers\/Validity_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Massa and Mayer<\/a> also found little difference in learning outcomes when they matched their test subjects&#8217; preferences (visual or verbal) to the learning materials they were given.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Learning Styles Change<\/h3>\n\n<p>Attempts to &#8220;diagnose&#8221; someone&#8217;s learning style once and for all will likely fail. As Eileen Carnell and Caroline Lodge explain in their book &#8220;<a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Effective-Learning\" href=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Effective-Learning\" target=\"_blank\">Effective Learning<\/a>,&#8221; an individual&#8217;s learning method will be different in different situations, and likely change over time.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Strengths and Preferences Are Not the Same<\/h3>\n\n<p><a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-0663.98.1.238\" href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-0663.98.1.238\" target=\"_blank\">An influential piece of research<\/a> published in the Journal of Educational Psychology revealed big differences between people&#8217;s assessed strengths, and how they actually tackled learning tasks in practice. For example, someone who scores better in tests after hearing the information might still choose to learn by reading \u2013 simply because they enjoy that style of learning more.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Teaching to Particular Learning Styles Doesn&#8217;t Work<\/h3>\n\n<p>For psychologist Scott Lilienfeld, the idea that &#8220;students learn best when teaching styles are matched to their learning styles&#8221; is one of the &#8220;<a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/lilienfeld-50-myths\" href=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/lilienfeld-50-myths\" target=\"_blank\">50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology<\/a>.&#8221; This, he says, &#8220;encourages teachers to teach to students&#8217; intellectual strengths rather than their weaknesses,&#8221; limiting their learning as a result.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Using Learning Styles to Improve Learning<\/h2>\n\n<p>Despite the criticisms we&#8217;ve outlined, some of the ideas that underpin learning styles theories still have value \u2013 especially the emphasis on metacognition: &#8220;thinking about thinking.&#8221;<\/p><p>One <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.voced.edu.au\/content\/ngv:13692\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voced.edu.au\/content\/ngv:13692\" target=\"_blank\">influential collection of research<\/a> cast doubt on specific learning styles models, but was still positive about metacognition. And metacognition has been shown to improve educational outcomes \u2013 leading the <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk\/evidence-summaries\/teaching-learning-toolkit\/meta-cognition-and-self-regulation\/\" href=\"https:\/\/educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk\/evidence-summaries\/teaching-learning-toolkit\/meta-cognition-and-self-regulation\/\" target=\"_blank\">Education Endowment Foundation<\/a> to recommend it as a key teaching and learning tool.<\/p><p>Analyzing our thinking can help us to plan learning strategies that work for us. It can support us to become more organized in our studies, to use prior knowledge as the foundation for new learning, and to choose effective methods for different learning tasks.<\/p><p>Plus, by examining our strengths and weaknesses, we can make the most of any aspects of learning that &#8220;come naturally&#8221; and that we enjoy, while also working on the areas that might be holding us back.<\/p><p>If you&#8217;re eager to improve your personal approach to learning, here are three key steps to take:<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. See the Big Picture<\/h3>\n\n<p>Do everything you can to gain a rounded picture of your learning. Look at all the different reasons why you tend to tackle learning the way you do.<\/p><p>And, when you&#8217;re in the process of learning, ask yourself why you&#8217;re doing it a particular way. Is it because it&#8217;s the most effective for you, or simply because it&#8217;s what you&#8217;ve always done?<\/p><p>Be wary of definitive judgments. Instead, consider different scenarios, and try to differentiate between how you <strong>like<\/strong> to learn, and how you learn <strong>best<\/strong> \u2013 in a variety of learning situations.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Identify Your Strengths<\/h3>\n\n<p>Highlight the <strong>types<\/strong> of learning that work best for you, and the<strong> conditions<\/strong> for learning that support them. For instance, you might be more of an active learner, who operates best in groups.<\/p><p>Keep doing the things that give the best results, to keep your learning fast and effective \u2013 and look for ways to improve them even more.<\/p><p>But also leave room to practice and strengthen any learning behaviors that you find more difficult.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Work on Your Weaknesses<\/h3>\n\n<p>You can often improve areas of your learning that are letting you down simply by using them more.<\/p><p>If you feel that you&#8217;re not confident learning visually, for example, get into the habit of reading the charts and diagrams in an article before grappling with the ideas in the text.<\/p><p>Or, if you&#8217;re an independent learner by nature, make a point of involving others in your problem-solving from time to time.<\/p><p>Also, actively look for opportunities to try out new ways to learn. You might be surprised about what works \u2013 and about the new elements of learning that you enjoy.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to Help Other People to Learn<\/h2>\n\n<p>Becoming more aware of your own strengths and preferences helps you to appreciate and cater for the diverse ways in which others learn, too.<\/p><p>For example, when you&#8217;re giving a presentation, chairing a meeting, or leading a training session, avoid leaning too heavily on the approach that you would enjoy yourself.<\/p><p>Remember that some learners will benefit from visual aids, while others will rely on listening to what you say, or on watching your body language. Back up abstract theories with real-life examples. Spend time discussing small details as well as outlining large-scale ideas.<\/p><p>You can&#8217;t always cater for everyone, but you can better engage your audience by allowing for different approaches to learning. If nothing else, your varied approach will keep people energized and alert!<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the kinesthetic learning style?<\/h3>\n\n<p>A learner with a preference for the kinesthetic learning style prefers a physical experience. They like a &#8220;hands-on&#8221; approach and respond well to being able to touch or feel an object or learning prop.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can you have two learning styles?<\/h3>\n\n<p>Yes. Or more than two. Very few people, if any, are completely reliant on one learning style. They may favor, say, visual learning, but still be able to learn by reading and writing.<\/p><div class=\"ew-note\" data-type=\"neutral\"><div class=\"ew-note-body\">\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Points<\/h4>\n\n<ul><li>&#8220;Learning Styles&#8221; theories attempted to define people by how they learn \u2013 based on individual strengths, personal preferences, and other factors such as motivation and favored learning environment.<\/li><li>Many different Learning Styles models were developed, but even the most popular ones have now been called into question. The main criticisms are that they are unscientific, inflexible, and ineffective in practice.<\/li><li>However, it&#8217;s still worth using metacognition \u2013 &#8220;thinking about thinking&#8221; \u2013 to work out what does help <strong>you<\/strong> to learn. That way, you can play to your strengths, develop any weaker areas, and create the best conditions for learning.<\/li><li>This level of awareness can also help you to communicate with greater impact, and to support other people to learn.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ew-reference\"><span class=\"ew-reference-title\">References<\/span><div class=\"ew-reference-body\"><div>Butler, K. A. (1988). &#8216;<a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/mybook.to\/butlerinmind\" href=\"https:\/\/mybook.to\/butlerinmind\" target=\"_blank\">It&amp;#x27;s All In Your Mind<\/a>,&#8217; Columbia, CT: Learner&#8217;s Dimension.<\/div><div>Carnell, E. and Lodge, C. (2002). &#8216;<a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Effective-Learning\" href=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Effective-Learning\" target=\"_blank\">Supporting Effective Learning<\/a>,&#8217; London: Paul Chapman Publishing.<\/div><div>Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., &amp; Ecclestone, K. (2004).<em> Learning Styles and Pedagogy in Post-16 Learning: a Systematic and Critical Review.<\/em> LSRC Reference, Learning &amp; Skills Research Center, London. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.voced.edu.au\/content\/ngv:13692\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voced.edu.au\/content\/ngv:13692\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/div><div>Education Endowment Foundation (2018). <em>Metacognition and Self-Regulation<\/em> [online]. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk\/evidence-summaries\/teaching-learning-toolkit\/meta-cognition-and-self-regulation\/\" href=\"https:\/\/educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk\/evidence-summaries\/teaching-learning-toolkit\/meta-cognition-and-self-regulation\/\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>. [Accessed November 13, 2019.]<\/div><div>Felder &amp; Soloman. <em>Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire<\/em> [online]. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.webtools.ncsu.edu\/learningstyles\" href=\"https:\/\/www.webtools.ncsu.edu\/learningstyles\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>. [Accessed November 1, 2019.]<\/div><div>Henry, J. (2007). <em>Professor Pans &#8220;Learning Style&#8221; Teaching Method<\/em> [online]. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/uknews\/1558822\/Professor-pans-learning-style-teaching-method.html\" href=\"https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/uknews\/1558822\/Professor-pans-learning-style-teaching-method.html\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>. [Accessed November 1, 2019.]<\/div><div>Honey, P., &amp; Mumford, A. (1982). &#8216;<a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Manuallearningstyles\" href=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Manuallearningstyles\" target=\"_blank\">The Manual of Learning Styles<\/a>.&#8217; Maidenhead: Peter Honey.<\/div><div>Keefe, J. W. (1985). &#8216;Assessment of Learning Style Variables: the NASSP Task Force Model,&#8217;<em> Theory into Practice<\/em>, 24(2), 138-144. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00405848509543162\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00405848509543162\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/div><div>Kolb, David A. (2015). \u2018<a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Experiential-Learning\" href=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/Experiential-Learning\" target=\"_blank\">Experiential Learning<\/a>&#8216; (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.<\/div><div>Kr\u00e4tzig, G. P. and Arbuthnott, K. D. (2006). &#8216;Perceptual learning style and learning proficiency: a test of the hypothesis,&#8217; <em>Journal of Educational Psychology<\/em>, 98(1), 238-246. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-0663.98.1.238\" href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-0663.98.1.238\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/div><div>Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., &amp; Beyerstein, B. L. (2010). &#8216;<a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/lilienfeld-50-myths\" href=\"http:\/\/mybook.to\/lilienfeld-50-myths\" target=\"_blank\">50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology<\/a>,&#8217; Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.<\/div><div>Massa, L. J., &amp; Mayer, R. E. (2006). &#8216;Testing the ATI hypothesis: Should multimedia instruction accommodate verbalizer-visualizer cognitive style?&#8217;<em> Learning and Individual Differences<\/em>, 16(4), 321-335. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/people.cs.vt.edu\/~shaffer\/cs6604\/Papers\/Validity_2006.pdf\" href=\"https:\/\/people.cs.vt.edu\/~shaffer\/cs6604\/Papers\/Validity_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/div><div>Pashler, H. et al. (2008). \u2018Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence,\u2019 <em>Psychological Science in the Public Interest<\/em>, 9(3), 105-19. Available <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/div><div><\/div><div><strong>Trademark<\/strong><\/div><div>VARK is a registered trademark of Vark Learn Ltd., see <a class=\"ew-link\" data-url=\"http:\/\/vark-learn.com\/\" href=\"http:\/\/vark-learn.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">www.vark-learn.com<\/a>.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore the latest thinking on Learning Styles, to understand the pitfalls and avoid limiting your learning.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"product-content-category":[7141],"product-content-type":[2580],"reading-time":[5222],"class_list":["post-58546","product-content","type-product-content","status-publish","hentry","product-content-category-understanding-how-people-learn","product-content-type-article","reading-time-14-minutes"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - 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